CBRCell Biology ResearchTBA2529-7627WHIOCE PUBLISHING PTE. LTD.10.18063/CBR.v7i2.1918ArticleSmart Fluoride Release from Nano-Calcium Fluoride: A Systematic Mini-Review of Strategies, Mechanisms, and Dental Applicationshttps://artdesignp.com/journal/CBR/7/2/10.18063/CBR.v7i2.1918XiangQi,ZhaoGangfeng,LiuShuyu2026722026-06-26Dental caries remains a persistent global oral health challenge, and while fluoride's anti-caries efficacy is well-established, achieving precise spatial-temporal control over fluoride ion release represents a critical unmet need. Nano-sized calcium fluoride (nCaF2) has attracted considerable attention as a fluoride reservoir due to its high fluoride content and favorable biocompatibility. However, bare nCaF2 particles are plagued by rapid, uncontrolled dissolution in the oral environment. This mini-review systematically examines recent advances in engineering controlled fluoride release from nCaF2-based systems. We survey four principal strategies: dense silica barrier coatings, mesoporous silica with molecular gating, polymer-based encapsulation, and ion-exchange carrier matrices. Particular emphasis is placed on pH-responsive smart delivery, where fluoride liberation is triggered specifically by the acidic microenvironments associated with cariogenic bacterial activity. Drawing on key studies from 2015 to 2025, we compare release kinetics, on/off selectivity ratios, and in vitro remineralization efficacy. Current limitations—including long-term structural integrity under salivary flow, biofilm surface fouling, and regulatory hurdles—are critically evaluated. We conclude by outlining promising future directions, including enzyme-responsive dual-trigger systems and theranostic platforms integrating controlled release with lesion imaging.Nano-calcium fluoride,Controlled fluoride release,pH-responsive,Dental caries,Mesoporous silica,Core-shell nanoparticles

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